Today (February 1st) is the first day of
Spring, the season of birth and re-birth
that follows the harsh cold barren months of Winter. In Ireland, it is
dedicated to a female, St. Brigit (or
Bridget, Brigid, Bride), the
country's most famous native born saint. According to legend, she was born to a slave-woman and Irish chieftain. Her name also has a strong
affinity with a Celtic deity associated with fertility and symbolised by
fire, the element that offered humankind protection from the natural
deadly force (cold) of winter.
Brigit is second only in the Irish saints' calendar to
St. Patrick who was born in Roman Britain.
The distinctive
St. Brigit Cross, made from rushes or straw today by children
in schools across the country, is a symbol of Celtic Ireland as renowned as the
Shamrock and its associations with St. Patrick.
The
fact that Brigit was female is quite significant as the early Celtic
Church in Ireland was unique in contemporary Christian Europe in giving
considerable recognition to the role of women. Brigit was only one of many female religious saints of this era. Others include St.
Ita, St.
Gobnait, St. Attracta, St.
Brónach and St.
Trea as Irish society was not as
patriarchal as their Roman, Greek or Germanic neighbours.
Whilst they were of course Christian, many of the early Celtic saints followed the tradition of the pagan Celtic druids which had both male and female members as well as displaying a deep respect towards the sacredness of wildlife and Nature.
According
to the historian
Dáibhí Ó Cróinín in his book '
Early Medieval Ireland',
a woman could divorce her husband for a variety of reasons (including
if he failed to satisfy her sexual needs!); could own and inherit
property and was treated as an individual in her own right with inherent
protections under Celtic law. Women fought on the battlefield as
warriors until this was banned by the church.
Celtic female influence extended as far as Iceland....
The influence of Irish women at this time (5th-7th century) was felt outside Ireland; St.
Ives in Cornwall is called after an Irish female saint (a.k.a. Eva or Aoife) where
St. Breaca was also renowned,
St. Grimonia and St.
Proba lived in France (Gaul) in the 4th century, St.
Dardaloch in
Pavia, Ita
ly (c.300ad) and the nunnery in Austria made famous in the
film and musical 'The Sound of Music' was probably founded by an Irish
female missionary (
Erintrude).
In
Iceland the hero of one of the great Icelandic Sagas is the Irish female slave
Melkorka, a
stong willed woman who refused to be coerced by humiliation, rape and
brutality. In fact it has been noted by some that the status of women in
Iceland (where I lived for a number of years), which was higher than in
contemporary Scandinavian societies, possibly owed its origins to the impact exerted
by the high number of Irish women living amongst the country's early
Viking settlements- they were brought to the country as slaves and wives
from the Viking towns of Ireland. It has been said that it was their
influence that persuaded many of their pagan husbands to vote in favour
of the country's adoption of Christianity at the famous 'Althingi'
(parliament) of 1000AD.
This independent-minded spirit must have
left a lasting legacy as Icelandic women were amongst the most
successful in securing equal rights for women's during the course of the
20th century.
Female Celtic Warriors
Celtic mythology provides ample evidence of the power of women in pre-Christian Ireland. The country itself -
Éire ('
Ire(land)'
in English)- is named after a goddess; the names of most of the great
rivers with their life-giving waters are associated with nymphs,
goddesses and female animals; the Celtic God of War (
Morrigan)- the most masculine of activities- is female. Some of the most powerful Celtic rulers were women such as Queen
Maeve and Queen
Boadicea. (Bó = Cow in Irish)
The fiercest and most macho hero in Celtic mythology is '
Cuchulainn'. Yet he was actually totally female-dominated(!):
- trained in martial arts and weaponry by Scathach
- first defeated in battle by Aoife
- protected by the War Goddess Morrigan
- kept on the 'straight and narrow' (most of the time!) by his strong-willed wife Emer
- nursed back to health from near fatal battle wounds by his mistress Niamh
- and killed by the army of Queen Maeve
High Status of Brigit in Celtic Church & pagan associations
Brigit
was also a powerful Celtic goddess of fertility associated with the
birth of animals and symbolised by fire. Hence her links with one of the
four great pagan festivals of the seasons- the Spring Festival of '
Imbolc' which occurs in February and the time of 'lambing'.
It
is therefore quite possible that St. Brigit was originally a high
priestess of the pagan goddess Brigit who converted along with her
female followers to Christianity during the time of St. Patrick.
According
to legend St. Brigit was the daughter of Dubhthach, an Irish chief, and
one of his 'Picttish' (from modern Scotland) slaves. She was made a
bishop by St.
Mel (whom the actor Mel Gibson was named after) and
founded one of the most famous Irish monasteries beside an Oak tree on
the plains of Magh Liffe thereafter known as 'Cill Dara' or Kildare-
'the Church of the Oak Tree'.
In the Celtic pagan religion, trees
were considered sacred, none more so than oak trees which were prime
locations for spiritual worship.
The monastery also was the
repository of a 'holy flame', another clue to its possible pagan origins
as a temple of Druid priestesses in a sacred woodland. It also has
striking similarities to the story of the 'Vestal Virgins' of Ancient
Rome whose primary task was to maintain the sacred fire of Vesta, the
goddess of the 'hearth'.
Under Bridget's leadership as Abbess and
bishop, Cill Dara became a great place of spiritual learning and of the
arts/crafts particularly metal work and illumination. For centuries
thereafter, each succeeding Abbess of Kildare took the name of 'Brigit'
and was regarded as a person of immense stature thoughout Ireland with
the monastery being second only to Armagh in its ecclesiastical
importance.
Rape of Brigit and the decline in the status of Women in Irish society
But
over time, the importance of women in society was reduced as Viking
raids, wars and the growing influence of the patrician 'male only'
Vatican took its toll. The death knell came in 1132 when it seems troops
of the King of Leinster
Dermot MacMurrough sacked the monastery,
raped the abbess Brigit, carried her off and forcibly had her married
to one of his followers. As is the case throughout the history of
humanity, 'rape' is used as the ultimate weapon against female
independence and the physical symbol of man's power over womankind.
McMurrough
is the same man who invited the British Normans to Ireland to aid him
in his wars; they of course soon decided to conquer the country for
themselves and stayed for over 800 years.
